有色金屬是指鐵、鉻、錳三種金屬以外的所有金屬,有色金屬中的銅是人類最早使用的金屬材料之一。從銅礦中開采出來的銅礦石，經過選礦成為含銅品位較高的銅精礦或者說是銅礦砂，銅精礦需要經過冶煉提成,才能成為精銅及銅制品。現代有色金屬及其合金已成為機械制造業、建筑業、電子工業、航空航天、核能利用等領域不可缺少的結構材料和功能材料。
今天(tian)就帶(dai)大(da)家(jia)來了解一(yi)下(xia)我們銅是(shi)怎樣冶煉(lian)出來的：
從銅(tong)(tong)礦中開采出來的銅(tong)(tong)礦石，經過選礦成(cheng)(cheng)為含銅(tong)(tong)品位較高的銅(tong)(tong)精礦或(huo)者說是銅(tong)(tong)礦砂，銅(tong)(tong)精礦需(xu)要經過冶煉提成(cheng)(cheng),才能成(cheng)(cheng)為精銅(tong)(tong)及銅(tong)(tong)制(zhi)品。
A．電解銅與精銅
工業(ye)上使用(yong)(yong)的銅(tong)有電解銅(tong)(含銅(tong)99.9%～99.95%)和精銅(tong)(含銅(tong)99.0%～99.7%)兩種(zhong)。前者(zhe)用(yong)(yong)于電器工業(ye)上，用(yong)(yong)于制(zhi)造特種(zhong)合金(jin)、金(jin)屬絲(si)及電線。后者(zhe)用(yong)(yong)于制(zhi)造其(qi)他(ta)合金(jin)、銅(tong)管、銅(tong)板、軸等。
B．銅的冶煉工藝
銅(tong)(tong)冶(ye)金技術的(de)(de)發展經歷了(le)漫長的(de)(de)過(guo)程，但至今(jin)銅(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)冶(ye)煉(lian)仍以(yi)火法治煉(lian)為主，其產量約占世界(jie)銅(tong)(tong)產量的(de)(de)85%，現(xian)代濕法冶(ye)煉(lian)的(de)(de)技術正在逐步(bu)推廣，濕法冶(ye)煉(lian)的(de)(de)推出使銅(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)冶(ye)煉(lian)成本大大降低。
下面我們具(ju)體了解一下火法冶煉(lian)與濕法冶煉(lian)(SX－EX)兩種煉(lian)銅方式。
a.火法煉銅:
通過(guo)(guo)熔(rong)(rong)融冶(ye)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)和(he)電(dian)解(jie)精火(huo)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)生產(chan)出(chu)陰極銅(tong)，也(ye)即電(dian)解(jie)銅(tong)，一般(ban)(ban)適(shi)于(yu)高品位(wei)的(de)硫化銅(tong)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)。火(huo)法冶(ye)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)一般(ban)(ban)是先將(jiang)含銅(tong)百分之幾(ji)或(huo)(huo)千分之幾(ji)的(de)原(yuan)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)石，通過(guo)(guo)選礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)提高到20－30%，作為銅(tong)精礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)，在(zai)密閉鼓(gu)風爐、反射爐、電(dian)爐或(huo)(huo)閃(shan)速爐進行造(zao)锍(liu)熔(rong)(rong)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)，產(chan)出(chu)的(de)熔(rong)(rong)锍(liu)(冰銅(tong))接著送入轉爐進行吹煉(lian)(lian)(lian)成(cheng)粗銅(tong)，再(zai)在(zai)另一種反射爐內經過(guo)(guo)氧(yang)化精煉(lian)(lian)(lian)脫雜，或(huo)(huo)鑄(zhu)成(cheng)陽極板進行電(dian)解(jie)，獲得品位(wei)高達99.9%的(de)電(dian)解(jie)銅(tong)。該流(liu)程(cheng)簡短(duan)、適(shi)應性(xing)強，銅(tong)的(de)回(hui)(hui)收率可達95%，但(dan)因礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)石中的(de)硫在(zai)造(zao)锍(liu)和(he)吹煉(lian)(lian)(lian)兩(liang)階段(duan)作為二氧(yang)化硫廢氣排出(chu)，不(bu)易回(hui)(hui)收，易造(zao)成(cheng)污染(ran)。近年來出(chu)現如白(bai)銀(yin)法、諾蘭達法等熔(rong)(rong)池熔(rong)(rong)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)以及(ji)日本的(de)三菱法等、火(huo)法冶(ye)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)逐漸向(xiang)連續化、自動化發展(zhan)。
除(chu)了銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)精礦(kuang)之(zhi)外，廢(fei)(fei)(fei)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)也(ye)是精煉銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)主要(yao)原料，包括舊(jiu)(jiu)廢(fei)(fei)(fei)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)和(he)(he)新廢(fei)(fei)(fei)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，舊(jiu)(jiu)廢(fei)(fei)(fei)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)來自舊(jiu)(jiu)設備和(he)(he)舊(jiu)(jiu)機器，廢(fei)(fei)(fei)棄(qi)的(de)樓房和(he)(he)地下管道；新廢(fei)(fei)(fei)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)來自加工廠棄(qi)掉的(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)屑（銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)材的(de)產(chan)出比約(yue)為(wei)50%），一般廢(fei)(fei)(fei)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)供應較穩定，廢(fei)(fei)(fei)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)可以分為(wei)：裸雜(za)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)（品位在90%以上）；黃雜(za)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(電線)；含銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)物料(舊(jiu)(jiu)馬達(da)、電路板(ban))；由廢(fei)(fei)(fei)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)和(he)(he)其他類似材料生(sheng)產(chan)出的(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，也(ye)稱為(wei)再生(sheng)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。
b.濕法煉銅:
一船適于低品位的(de)(de)氧(yang)化銅(tong)(tong)，生產(chan)出(chu)(chu)的(de)(de)精(jing)銅(tong)(tong)為電(dian)(dian)積(ji)銅(tong)(tong)。 現代(dai)濕(shi)法冶煉有(you)硫酸化焙燒－浸出(chu)(chu)－電(dian)(dian)積(ji)，浸出(chu)(chu)－萃取－電(dian)(dian)積(ji)，細菌浸出(chu)(chu)等(deng)法，適于低品位復(fu)雜礦、氧(yang)化銅(tong)(tong)礦、含銅(tong)(tong)廢(fei)礦石的(de)(de)堆浸、槽浸選用或就地浸出(chu)(chu)。濕(shi)法冶煉技術正在逐步推廣，預計本(ben)世紀末可達總產(chan)量的(de)(de)20%，濕(shi)法冶煉的(de)(de)推出(chu)(chu)使銅(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)冶煉成本(ben)大大降低。
其工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)流(liu)程圖如下：其中銅(tong)的(de)(de)萃取（銅(tong)從(cong)水層進人有機(ji)層的(de)(de)過程）和反萃取（銅(tong)從(cong)有機(ji)層進人水層的(de)(de)過程）是(shi)現代濕(shi)法煉(lian)銅(tong)的(de)(de)重要工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)手段。
其(qi)中電(dian)解環(huan)節不可或缺的設(she)備之一就是電(dian)解整流設(she)備了(le)，而英特利在有色金(jin)屬行(xing)業一直都走在前沿， 為國內外(wai)有色金(jin)屬行(xing)業提供(gong)過很多大功率整流器，如(ru)：20kA 715V 100T/D電(dian)解鋅總包出口(kou)項目(mu), 20kA 248V，40kA 230V,18kA 30V,26KA 30V,12500A 450V SCR,50000A 170V,22000A/140V 等(deng)等(deng)，并與多家世界500強企(qi)業合(he)作建立了(le)長期(qi)合(he)作。
注：部分章節摘(zhai)自金屬百科。
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